NMN is a precursor to NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a critical molecule that supports energy production and DNA repair in our cells. Research has shown that NAD+ levels half by the time we reach middle age [01].

Research studies have demonstrated that not only does NMN increase NAD+ levels, but it can also lead to improvements in mitochondrial function and reductions in age-related decline [02].

In a study conducted by the Washington University School of Medicine, NMN supplementation was found to improve insulin sensitivity, enhance skeletal muscle function, and boost aerobic capacity in older adults, which supports the role of NMN in anti-aging efforts [03].

Resveratrol, a polyphenol found in red wine, is known for its antioxidant properties. Trans-Resveratrol is the bioactive form, which is more easily absorbed by the body. Research suggests that resveratrol activates sirtuins, the proteins associated with longevity, and mimics the effects of calorie restriction, which has been shown to extend lifespan in various diverse organisms, as published in Nature [04].

Further research, also published in Nature has shown that resveratrol activates SIRT1, which plays a role in extending lifespan and protecting against metabolic disease [05]. Resveratrol's ability to improve cardiovascular health, reduce oxidative stress, and protect against inflammation has also been illustrated in the Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology [06].

TMG, also known as betaine, plays a role in methylation, a process vital for DNA repair and gene regulation. The process of methylation naturally declines as we age, contributing to cellular aging. By supporting methylation, TMG may maintain DNA stability and protect against age-related decline.

Homocysteine is an amino acid, and a biomarker strongly linked to cardiovascular disease and brain health. It increases in our bodies as we age, and a minor increase in levels can lead to a 40% increase in risk of cardiovascular illnesses and Alzheimer’s disease [07].

A study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition indicates that TMG supplementation can help reduce homocysteine levels [08], thereby protecting against age-related decline. TMG has also been shown to protect liver function [09], as well as increase sports performance in controlled research studies [10].

Fisetin is a flavonoid found in fruits like strawberries and apples. Recent studies suggest it may act as a senolytic, meaning it helps clear out senescent cells – also known as "zombie" cells – that no longer function properly but still linger in the body, promoting inflammation and tissue damage.

Research published in EBioMedicine identified fisetin as a potent senolytic, capable of reducing the number of senescent cells in mice, which extended their lifespan and improved their overall health [11]. Though human studies are limited, fisetin’s potential to improve longevity by targeting senescent cells is a very promising area of ongoing research [12].

Hyaluronic acid is a substance naturally found in our skin, joints, and connective tissue, where it retains moisture and keeps tissues lubricated. As we age, our body's natural production of hyaluronic acid decreases, leading to drier skin, joint pain, and reduced elasticity.

A published clinical study presented in [13] demonstrated that hyaluronic acid supplementation improves skin hydration and elasticity, which can reduce the appearance of wrinkles and maintain youthful skin. A separate literature review indicates hyaluronic acid's effectiveness in supporting joint health by increasing lubrication and reducing joint pain in patients with osteoarthritis [14]. Further, research published in Nature Communications suggests that very high molecular weight hyaluronic acid contributes to longevity in mammals [15].

Spermidine is a naturally occurring polyamine and has been extensively studied for its ability to promote autophagy, a cellular process that helps clear out damaged components and maintain cellular health. Autophagy is crucial for longevity, as it helps prevent the accumulation of dysfunctional cells that contribute to aging and disease.

A landmark study published in Nature Medicine found that spermidine supplementation extended lifespan in multiple organisms, including yeast, flies, and mice, by inducing autophagy [16]. Further research suggests that spermidine has cardiovascular benefits, as it has been shown to reduce blood pressure and improve heart function in aging individuals [17].

Additionally, a human-based study published in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition linked higher dietary spermidine intake with lower all-cause mortality, reinforcing its potential role in promoting healthy aging [18].

Berberine is a bioactive compound that has been widely recognised for its role in metabolic health. It has been compared to pharmaceutical drugs like metformin due to its ability to regulate blood sugar levels and enhance mitochondrial function.

A pivotal study published in Diabetes Care demonstrated that berberine effectively lowers blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetics, improving insulin sensitivity and reducing hemoglobin A1c [19]. Another study in Cell Metabolism suggested that berberine activates AMPK (adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase), often referred to as the “metabolic master switch,” which plays a crucial role in energy regulation and longevity [20].

Beyond its metabolic effects, berberine has shown promise in reducing cholesterol and triglyceride levels, thus improving cardiovascular health [21]. Its anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial properties also make it a powerful supplement for overall health and longevity.